# Bhyve driver

- Connections to the Bhyve driver
- Example guest domain XML configurations
- Guest usage / management
  - Connecting to a guest console
  - Converting from domain XML to Bhyve args
  - Using ZFS volumes
  - Using grub2-bhyve or Alternative Bootloaders
  - Using UEFI bootrom, VNC, and USB tablet
  - Clock configuration
  - e1000 NIC
  - Wiring guest memory
  - CPU topology
  - Pass-through of arbitrary bhyve commands

Bhyve is a FreeBSD hypervisor. It first appeared in FreeBSD 10.0. However, it's recommended to keep tracking FreeBSD 10-STABLE to make sure all new features of bhyve are supported. In order to enable bhyve on your FreeBSD host, you'll need to load the `vmm` kernel module. Additionally, `if_tap` and `if_bridge` modules should be loaded for networking support. Also, since 3.2.0 the `virt-host-validate(1)` supports the bhyve host validation and could be used like this:

    $ virt-host-validate bhyve
     BHYVE: Checking for vmm module                                              : PASS
     BHYVE: Checking for if_tap module                                           : PASS
     BHYVE: Checking for if_bridge module                                        : PASS
     BHYVE: Checking for nmdm module                                             : PASS
    $

Additional information on bhyve could be obtained on bhyve.org.

## Connections to the Bhyve driver

The libvirt bhyve driver is a single-instance privileged driver. Some sample connection URIs are:

    bhyve:///system                     (local access)
    bhyve+unix:///system                (local access)
    bhyve+ssh://root@example.com/system (remote access, SSH tunnelled)

## Example guest domain XML configurations

### Example config

The bhyve driver in libvirt is in its early stage and under active development. So it supports only limited number of features bhyve provides.

Note: in older libvirt versions, only a single network device and a single disk device were supported per-domain. However, since 1.2.6 the libvirt bhyve driver supports up to 31 PCI devices.

Note: the Bhyve driver in libvirt will boot whichever device is first. If you want to install from CD, put the CD device first. If not, put the root HDD first.

Note: Only the SATA bus is supported. Only `cdrom`- and `disk`-type disks are supported.

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        <name>bhyve</name>
        <uuid>df3be7e7-a104-11e3-aeb0-50e5492bd3dc</uuid>
        <memory>219136</memory>
        <currentMemory>219136</currentMemory>
        <vcpu>1</vcpu>
        <os>
           <type>hvm</type>
        </os>
        <features>
          <apic/>
          <acpi/>
        </features>
        <clock offset='utc'/>
        <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
        <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
        <on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
        <devices>
          <disk type='file'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
            <source file='/path/to/bhyve_freebsd.img'/>
            <target dev='hda' bus='sata'/>
          </disk>
          <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
            <source file='/path/to/cdrom.iso'/>
            <target dev='hdc' bus='sata'/>
            <readonly/>
          </disk>
          <interface type='bridge'>
            <model type='virtio'/>
            <source bridge="virbr0"/>
          </interface>
        </devices>
    </domain>

(The <disk> sections may be swapped in order to install from cdrom.iso.)

### Example config (Linux guest)

Note the addition of <bootloader>.

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        <name>linux_guest</name>
        <uuid>df3be7e7-a104-11e3-aeb0-50e5492bd3dc</uuid>
        <memory>131072</memory>
        <currentMemory>131072</currentMemory>
        <vcpu>1</vcpu>
        <bootloader>/usr/local/sbin/grub-bhyve</bootloader>
        <os>
           <type>hvm</type>
        </os>
        <features>
          <apic/>
          <acpi/>
        </features>
        <clock offset='utc'/>
        <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
        <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
        <on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
        <devices>
          <disk type='file' device='disk'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
            <source file='/path/to/guest_hdd.img'/>
            <target dev='hda' bus='sata'/>
          </disk>
          <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
            <source file='/path/to/cdrom.iso'/>
            <target dev='hdc' bus='sata'/>
            <readonly/>
          </disk>
          <interface type='bridge'>
            <model type='virtio'/>
            <source bridge="virbr0"/>
          </interface>
        </devices>
    </domain>

### Example config (Linux UEFI guest, VNC, tablet)

This is an example to boot into Fedora 25 installation:

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        <name>fedora_uefi_vnc_tablet</name>
        <memory unit='G'>4</memory>
        <vcpu>2</vcpu>
        <os>
           <type>hvm</type>
           <loader readonly="yes" type="pflash">/usr/local/share/uefi-firmware/BHYVE_UEFI.fd</loader>
        </os>
        <features>
          <apic/>
          <acpi/>
        </features>
        <clock offset='utc'/>
        <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
        <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
        <on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
        <devices>
          <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
              <source file='/path/to/Fedora-Workstation-Live-x86_64-25-1.3.iso'/>
            <target dev='hdc' bus='sata'/>
            <readonly/>
          </disk>
          <disk type='file' device='disk'>
            <driver name='file' type='raw'/>
            <source file='/path/to/linux_uefi.img'/>
            <target dev='hda' bus='sata'/>
            </disk>
          <interface type='bridge'>
            <model type='virtio'/>
            <source bridge="virbr0"/>
          </interface>
          <serial type="nmdm">
            <source master="/dev/nmdm0A" slave="/dev/nmdm0B"/>
          </serial>
          <graphics type='vnc' port='5904'>
            <listen type='address' address='127.0.0.1'/>
          </graphics>
          <controller type='usb' model='nec-xhci'/>
          <input type='tablet' bus='usb'/>
        </devices>
    </domain>

Please refer to the UEFI section for a more detailed explanation.

## Guest usage / management

### Connecting to a guest console

Guest console connection is supported through the `nmdm` device. It could be enabled by adding the following to the domain XML (Since 1.2.4):

    ...
    <devices>
      <serial type="nmdm">
        <source master="/dev/nmdm0A" slave="/dev/nmdm0B"/>
      </serial>
    </devices>
    ...

Make sure to load the `nmdm` kernel module if you plan to use that.

Then `virsh console` command can be used to connect to the text console of a guest.

NB: Some versions of bhyve have a bug that prevents guests from booting until the console is opened by a client. This bug was fixed in FreeBSD r262884. If an older version is used, one either has to open a console manually with `virsh console` to let a guest boot or start a guest using:

    start --console domname

NB: A bootloader configured to require user interaction will prevent the domain from starting (and thus `virsh console` or `start --console` from functioning) until the user interacts with it manually on the VM host. Because users typically do not have access to the VM host, interactive bootloaders are unsupported by libvirt. However, if you happen to run into this scenario and also happen to have access to the Bhyve host machine, you may select a boot option and allow the domain to finish starting by using an alternative terminal client on the VM host to connect to the domain-configured null modem device. One example (assuming `/dev/nmdm0B` is configured as the slave end of the domain serial device) is:

    cu -l /dev/nmdm0B

### Converting from domain XML to Bhyve args

The `virsh domxml-to-native` command can preview the actual `bhyve` commands that will be executed for a given domain. It outputs two lines, the first line is a `bhyveload` command and the second is a `bhyve` command.

Please note that the `virsh domxml-to-native` doesn't do any real actions other than printing the command, for example, it doesn't try to find a proper TAP interface and create it, like what is done when starting a domain; and always returns `tap0` for the network interface. So if you're going to run these commands manually, most likely you might want to tweak them.

    # virsh -c "bhyve:///system"  domxml-to-native --format bhyve-argv --xml /path/to/bhyve.xml
    /usr/sbin/bhyveload -m 214 -d /home/user/vm1.img vm1
    /usr/sbin/bhyve -c 2 -m 214 -A -I -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 3:0,virtio-net,tap0,mac=52:54:00:5d:74:e3 -s 2:0,virtio-blk,/home/user/vm1.img -s 1,lpc -l com1,/dev/nmdm0A vm1

### Using ZFS volumes

It's possible to use ZFS volumes as disk devices since 1.2.8. An example of domain XML device entry for that will look like:

    ...
    <disk type='volume' device='disk'>
      <source pool='zfspool' volume='vol1'/>
      <target dev='vdb' bus='virtio'/>
    </disk>
    ...

Please refer to the Storage documentation for more details on storage management.

### Using grub2-bhyve or Alternative Bootloaders

It's possible to boot non-FreeBSD guests by specifying an explicit bootloader, e.g. `grub-bhyve(1)`. Arguments to the bootloader may be specified as well. If the bootloader is `grub-bhyve` and arguments are omitted, libvirt will try and infer boot ordering from user-supplied <boot order='N'> configuration in the domain. Failing that, it will boot the first disk in the domain (either `cdrom`- or `disk`-type devices). If the disk type is `disk`, it will attempt to boot from the first partition in the disk image.

    ...
    <bootloader>/usr/local/sbin/grub-bhyve</bootloader>
    <bootloader_args>...</bootloader_args>
    ...

Caveat: `bootloader_args` does not support any quoting. Filenames, etc, must not have spaces or they will be tokenized incorrectly.

### Using UEFI bootrom, VNC, and USB tablet

Since 3.2.0, in addition to grub-bhyve, non-FreeBSD guests could be also booted using an UEFI boot ROM, provided both guest OS and installed `bhyve(1)` version support UEFI. To use that, `loader` should be specified in the `os` section:

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        ...
        <os>
           <type>hvm</type>
           <loader readonly="yes" type="pflash">/usr/local/share/uefi-firmware/BHYVE_UEFI.fd</loader>
        </os>
        ...

This uses the UEFI firmware provided by the sysutils/bhyve-firmware FreeBSD port.

VNC and the tablet input device could be configured this way:

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        <devices>
          ...
          <graphics type='vnc' port='5904'>
            <listen type='address' address='127.0.0.1'/>
          </graphics>
          <controller type='usb' model='nec-xhci'/>
          <input type='tablet' bus='usb'/>
        </devices>
        ...
    </domain>

This way, VNC will be accessible on `127.0.0.1:5904`.

Please note that the tablet device requires to have a USB controller of the `nec-xhci` model. Currently, only a single controller of this type and a single tablet are supported per domain.

Since 3.5.0, it's possible to configure how the video device is exposed to the guest using the `vgaconf` attribute:

    <domain type='bhyve'>
        <devices>
        ...
          <graphics type='vnc' port='5904'>
            <listen type='address' address='127.0.0.1'/>
          </graphics>
          <video>
            <driver vgaconf='on'/>
            <model type='gop' heads='1' primary='yes'/>
          </video>
          ...
        </devices>
        ...
    </domain>

If not specified, bhyve's default mode for `vgaconf` will be used. Please refer to the bhyve(8) manual page and the bhyve wiki for more details on using the `vgaconf` option.

Since 3.7.0, it's possible to use `autoport` to let libvirt allocate VNC port automatically (instead of explicitly specifying it with the `port` attribute):

        <graphics type='vnc' autoport='yes'>

### Clock configuration

Originally bhyve supported only localtime for RTC. Support for UTC time was introduced in r284894 for 10-STABLE and in r279225 for -CURRENT. It's possible to use this in libvirt since 1.2.18, just place the following to domain XML:

    <domain type="bhyve">
        ...
        <clock offset='utc'/>
        ...
    </domain>

Please note that if you run the older bhyve version that doesn't support UTC time, you'll fail to start a domain. As UTC is used as a default when you do not specify clock settings, you'll need to explicitly specify 'localtime' in this case:

    <domain type="bhyve">
        ...
        <clock offset='localtime'/>
        ...
    </domain>

### e1000 NIC

As of r302504 bhyve supports Intel e1000 network adapter emulation. It's supported in libvirt since 3.1.0 and could be used as follows:

    ...
        <interface type='bridge'>
          <source bridge='virbr0'/>
          <model type='e1000'/>
        </interface>
    ...

### Wiring guest memory

Since 4.4.0, it's possible to specify that guest memory should be wired and cannot be swapped out as follows:

    <domain type="bhyve">
        ...
        <memoryBacking>
          <locked/>
        </memoryBacking>
        ...
    </domain>

### CPU topology

Since 4.5.0, it's possible to specify guest CPU topology, if bhyve supports that. Support for specifying guest CPU topology was added to bhyve in r332298 for -CURRENT. Example:

    <domain type="bhyve">
        ...
        <cpu>
          <topology sockets='1' cores='2' threads='1'/>
        </cpu>
        ...
    </domain>

### Pass-through of arbitrary bhyve commands

Since 5.1.0, it's possible to pass additional command-line arguments to the bhyve process when starting the domain using the `<bhyve:commandline>` element under `domain`. To supply an argument, use the element `<bhyve:arg>` with the attribute `value` set to additional argument to be added. The arg element may be repeated multiple times. To use this XML addition, it is necessary to issue an XML namespace request (the special `xmlns:name` attribute) that pulls in `http://libvirt.org/schemas/domain/bhyve/1.0`; typically, the namespace is given the name of `bhyve`.

Example:

    <domain type="bhyve" xmlns:bhyve="http://libvirt.org/schemas/domain/bhyve/1.0">
      ...
      <bhyve:commandline>
        <bhyve:arg value='-somebhyvearg'/>
      </bhyve:commandline>
    </domain>

Note that these extensions are for testing and development purposes only. They are unsupported, using them may result in inconsistent state, and upgrading either bhyve or libvirtd maybe break behavior of a domain that was relying on a specific commands pass-through.